▲Atlas (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Atlas was a Titan
condemned to hold up the sky for eternity after the Titanomachy.
Although associated with various places, he became commonly identified with the
Atlas
Mountains in northwest Africa. Atlas was the son of the Titan Iapetus and the Oceanid
Asia or Clymene. He had many children, mostly
daughters, the Hesperides, the Hyades, the Pleiades, and the nymph Calypso who lived on the island Ogygia.
According to the ancient Greek poet Hesiod
Atlas stood at the ends of the earth towards the west.
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in
the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of
time resulting in a loss
of value of currency. When the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and
services. Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. A chief
measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage
change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. The opposite of inflation is deflation.
▲Lord's Prayer
The Lord's Prayer
is a venerated Christian prayer that, according to the New Testament,
was taught by Jesus
to his disciples. Two versions of it are
recorded: a longer form in the Gospel of
Matthew as part of the Sermon on the Mount, and a shorter form in the Gospel of
Luke as a response by Jesus to a request by "one of his
disciples" to teach them "to pray as John
taught his disciples." The context of the prayer in Matthew is a discourse
deploring people who pray ostentatiously.
▲Noah's Ark
Noah's Ark is the vessel in the Genesis flood narrative by which God spares Noah, his family, and a
remnant of all the world's animals from the flood. According to Genesis, God
gave Noah instructions for building the ark. Seven days before the deluge, God
told Noah to enter the ark with his household and the animals. The story goes
on to describe the ark being afloat for 150 days and then coming to rest on the
Mountains of Ararat and the subsequent receding
of the waters.
▲Sloth
Sloths are mammals
classified in the families Megalonychidae
and Bradypodidae, including six extant species.
They are named after the capital sin
of sloth because they seem slow and lazy at first
glance; however, their usual idleness is due to metabolic adaptations for conserving
energy. Aside from their surprising speed during emergency flights from
predators, other notable traits of sloths include their strong body and their
ability to host symbiotic algae on their furs.
Sloths make good habitats for other organisms, and a
single sloth may be home to moths, beetles, cockroaches, fungi, ciliates,
and algae.
▲Seven virtues
In the Catholic catechism, the seven Christian virtues or heavenly
virtues refers to the union of two sets of virtues: from ancient Greek
philosophy, are prudence, justice,
temperance, and courage;
and the three theological virtues, from the letters of Saint Paul of Tarsus, are faith, hope,
and charity (or love). These were adopted
by the Church Fathers as the seven virtues.
▲Prefix
⬥in- that is within, internal, into, in, on, upon
For example, inside, inquire
⬥ab- away, from, from off, down
For example, absorb, absent
⬥com- with, together
For example, combine, compound
▲Suffix
⬥-sophy: knowledge
For example, philosophy, theosophy
▲Vocabulary
☆Week22, Week23, Week24
✪juxtapose (v) "to place (two or more objects) side
by side or close together," 1826, a back-formation
from juxtaposition or else from French juxtaposer (18c.).
Related: Juxtaposed; juxtaposing.
✪jincompatibility (n) 1610s,
from incompatible + -ity, or from
French incompatibilité (15c.).
✪jcope (v) late 14c., "come to blows with,"
from Old French couper, earlier colper "hit, punch,"
from colp "a blow" (see coup). Meaning evolved 17c.
into "handle successfully," perhaps influenced by
obsolete cope "to traffic" (15c.-17c.), a word in North Sea
trade, from the Flemish version of the Germanic source of English cheap.
Related: Coped; coping.
✪jcovert (adj) c. 1300, from Old French covert "hidden,
obscure, underhanded," literally "covered," past participle
of covrir "to cover" (see cover).
Related: Covertly.
✪jfabricate (v) mid-15c., "to fashion, make,
build," from Latin fabricatus, past participle
of fabricare "to make, construct, fashion, build,"
from fabrica (see fabric). In bad sense of "tell a lie
(etc.)," it is recorded by 1779.
Related: Fabricated; fabricating.
✪jconnubial (adj)1650s, from Latin connubialis,
variant of conubialis "pertaining to wedlock,"
from conubium "marriage," from com "with,
together" (see com-) + nubere "to wed"
(see nuptial).
✪jdemur (v) c. 1200, "to linger, tarry,
delay," from Old French demorer "delay, retard," from
Latin demorari "to linger, loiter, tarry,"
from de- (see de-) + morari "to delay," from mora "a
pause, delay" (see moratorium). Main modern sense of "raise
objections" is first attested 1630s.
Related: Demurred; demurring.
✪jappellation (n) late 15c., "action of appealing"
(to a higher authority), from Old French apelacion (13c.), from
Latin appellationem (nominative appellatio) "an addressing,
accosting; an appeal; a name, title," noun of action from past participle
stem of appellare (see appeal). Meaning "designation, name
given to a person, thing, or class" is from mid-15c., from a sense also found
in Middle French appeler.
✪jncapacitate (v) 1650s in a legal sense; 1660s in general
use, "deprive of natural power,"
from incapacity + -ate.
Related: Incapacitated; incapacitating.
✪jescalation (n) 1938, derived noun from escalate; the
figurative sense is earliest, originally in reference to the battleship arms
race among global military powers.
✪jindifference (n) mid-15c., "quality of being neither
good nor bad, neutral quality," from
Latin indifferentia "want of difference, similarity," noun
of quality from indifferentem (see indifferent). From late 15c.
as "lack of prejudice, impartiality;" from 1650s as "state of
being apathetic." Meaning "comparative mediocrity,
inexcellence"" is from 1864.
✪jpotential (adj) late 14c., "possible" (as
opposed to actual), from Old French potenciel and directly from
Late Latin potentialis "potential," from
Latin potentia "power, might, force;" figuratively
"political power, authority, influence," from potens "powerful"
(see potent). The noun, meaning "that which is possible," is
first attested 1817, from the adjective.
✪jcumulative (adj) c. 1600, from
Latin cumulatus, past participle of cumulare "to
heap," from cumulus "heap" (see cumulus)
+ -ive.
✪jrecondite (adj) 1640s, "removed or hidden from
view," from Old French recondit, from Latin reconditus, past
participle of recondere "store away, hide, conceal, put back
again, put up again, lay up," from assimilated form
of com- "together" (see com-) + -dere "put,"
from PIE root *dhe- "to put, place" (source also of English do;
see factitious). Meaning "removed from ordinary understanding,
profound" is from 1650s; of writers or sources, "obscure," it is
recorded from 1817.
✪jacknowledge (v) late 15c., "admit or show one's
knowledge," a blend of Middle English aknow "admit or show
one's knowledge" (from Old English oncnawan "understand,
come to recognize," from on (see on (prep.))
+ cnawan "recognize;" see know) and Middle
English knowlechen "admit, acknowledge" (c. 1200;
see knowledge). "By 16th c. the earlier vbs. knowledge and a(c)know ...
were obs., and acknowledge took their place" [OED].
✪jdelude (v) c. 1400, from
Latin deludere "to play false; to mock, deceive,"
from de- "down, to one's detriment" (see de-)
+ ludere "to play" (see ludicrous).
Related: Deluded; deluding.
✪jpalliate (v) "alleviate without curing,"
early 15c., from Medieval Latin palliatus, literally "cloaked,"
from past participle of Late Latin palliare "cover with a cloak,
conceal," from Latin pallium "cloak"
(see pall (n.)). Related: Palliated; palliating; palliation.
✪jprelude (n) 1560s, from Middle
French prélude "notes sung or played to test the voice or
instrument" (1530s), from Medieval
Latin preludium "prelude, preliminary," from
Latin praeludere "to play beforehand for practice,
preface," from prae- "before" (see pre-)
+ ludere "to play" (see ludicrous). Purely musical
sense first attested in English 1650s. Related: Prelusion.
✪jchimerical (adj) 1630s,
from chimera + -ical. Related: Chimeric (1650s).
✪jmaladjusted (adj) 1846, from mal- + adjusted (see adjust).
✪jheterogenous (adj) 1690s, less-accepted form
of heterogeneous. Related: Heterogeneity.
✪jperspicacious (adj) 1630s, formed as an adjective
to perspicacity, from Latin perspicax "sharp-sighted,
having the power of seeing through; acute" (see perspicacity).
Related: Perspicaciously; perspicaciousness.
✪janalogous (adj) "corresponding (to some other) in
particulars," 1640s, from Latin analogus, from
Greek analogos "proportionate, according to due
proportion," from ana "throughout; according to"
(see ana-) + logos "ratio, proportion," a specialized
use (see logos). Used with to or with.
✪jgamut (n) 1520s, "low G, lowest note in the
medieval musical scale" (the system of notation devised by Guido
d'Arezzo), a contraction of Medieval Latin gamma ut, from gamma, the
Greek letter, used in medieval music notation to indicate the note below the A
which began the classical scale, + ut (now do), the low note on
the six-note musical scale that took names from syllables sung to those notes
in a Latin sapphic hymn for St. John the Baptist's Day:
✪jneurotic (adj) 1775, "acting upon or stimulating the
nerves," from Greek neuron "nerve" (see neuro-)
+ -otic, as in hypnotic. Sense of "affected by
neurosis" is 1887. The noun meaning "a neurotic person" is from
1896. Related: Neurotically.
✪jdecade (n) mid-15c., "ten parts" (of
anything; originally in reference to the books of Livy), from Middle
French décade (14c.), from Late
Latin decadem (nominative decas), from
Greek dekas (genitive dekados) "group of ten,"
from deka "ten" (see ten). Meaning "period of ten
years" is 1590s in English.
✪jmorality (n) late 14c., "moral qualities,"
from Old French moralité "moral (of a story); moral instruction;
morals, moral character" (13c.) and directly from Late
Latin moralitatem (nominative moralitas) "manner,
character," from Latin moralis (see moral (adj.)).
Meaning "goodness" is attested from 1590s.
✪jsusceptible (adj) c. 1600, from Late
Latin susceptibilis "capable, sustainable, susceptible,"
from Latin suscept-, past participle stem of suscipere "to
take, catch, take up, lift up; receive, admit; submit to; sustain, support,
bear; acknowledge, accept," from sub "up from under"
(see sub-) + capere "to take," from PIE
root *kap- "to grasp" (see capable). Susceptive in
the same sense is recorded from early 15c. Related: Susceptibly.
✪jphenomenon (n) 1570s, "fact, occurrence," from
Late Latin phænomenon, from Greek phainomenon "that which
appears or is seen," noun use of neuter present participle
of phainesthai "to appear," passive
of phainein (see phantasm). Meaning "extraordinary
occurrence" first recorded 1771. Plural is phenomena.
✪jenunciate (v) 1620s, "declare, express," from
Latin enunciatus, properly enuntiatus, past participle
of enuntiare "speak out, say, express, assert; divulge,
disclose, reveal, betray," from assimilated form
of ex- "out" (see ex-) + nuntiare "to
announce," from nuntius "messenger" (see nuncio).
Or perhaps a back-formation from enunciation. Meaning "to articulate,
pronounce" is from 1759. Related: Enunciated; enunciating.
✪jirascible (adj) late 14c., from Old
French irascible (12c.) and directly from Late
Latin irascibilis, from Latin irasci "be angry, be in a
rage," from ira "anger" (see ire).
✪jintrospective (adj) "having the quality of looking
within," 1820 (Southey), from Latin introspect-, past participle stem
of introspicere "look into, look at"
(see introspection) + -ive.
Related: Introspectively; introspectiveness.
✪jpedagogue (n) late 14c., "schoolmaster,
teacher," from Old French pedagoge "teacher of
children" (14c.), from Latin paedagogus, from
Greek paidagogos "slave who escorts boys to school and generally
supervises them," later "a teacher," from pais (genitive paidos)
"child" (see pedo-) + agogos "leader,"
from agein "to lead" (see act (n.)). Hostile
implications in the word are at least from the time of Pepys (1650s).
Related: Pedagogal.
✪jinordinate (adj) late 14c., "not ordered, lacking
order or regularity," from Latin inordinatus "unordered,
not arranged," from in- "not, opposite of"
(see in- (1)) + ordinatus, past participle
of ordinare "to set in order" (see order (n.)).
Sense of "immoderate, excessive" is from notion of "not kept
within orderly limits." Related: Inordinately; inordinateness.
✪jperpetuate (v) 1520s, a back-formation
from perpetuation or else from Latin perpetuatus, past
participle of perpetuare "to make perpetual,"
from perpetuus (see perpetual).
Related: Perpetuated; Perpetuating.
✪jcatastrophic (adj)
1824,
from catastrophe + -ic. Related: Catastrophical; catastrophically.
✪jneutralize (v) 1734, "to render neutral" (in a
chemical sense), from French neutraliser (17c.),
from neutral (see neutral (adj.)). Meaning "to
counterbalance, to kill by opposing" is from 1795.
Related: Neutralized; neutralizing.
✪jmandate (v) 1620s, "to command,"
from mandate (n.). Meaning "to delegate authority, permit to act
on behalf of a group" is from 1958; used earlier in the context of the
League of Nations, "to authorize a power to control a certain territory
for some specified purpose" (1919).
Related: Mandated; mandating.
✪jcompensatory (adj) c. 1600, from
French compensatoire, from Latin compensatus, past participle
of compensare (see compensate). Psychological sense is from
1921.
✪jinanimate (adj) early 15c., "without vital
force,having lost life," from Late
Latin inanimatus "lifeless,"
from in- "not" (see in- (1))
+ animatus (see animation). The Latin word closest corresponding
in form and sense is inanimalis. Meaning "lacking vivacity, without
spirit, dull" is from 1734. Inanimate as a verb meant
"infuse with life or vigor" (17c.), from the
other in- (see in- (2)).
✪jartifact (n) 1821, artefact, "anything made
by human art," from Italian artefatto, from
Latin arte "by skill" (ablative
of ars "art;" see art (n.))
+ factum "thing made," from facere "to make,
do" (see factitious). The spelling with -i- is by 1884, by
influence of the Latin stem. Archaeological application dates from 1890.
✪jfetish (n) "material object regarded with awe as
having mysterious powers or being the representative of a deity that may be
worshipped through it," 1610s, fatisso, from
Portuguese feitiço "charm, sorcery, allurement," noun use
of an adjective meaning "artificial."
✪janthropologist (n) 1798,
from anthropology + -ist.
✪jbizarre (adj) 1640s, from
French bizarre "odd, fantastic" (16c.), from
Italian bizarro "irascible, tending to quick flashes of
anger" (13c.), from bizza "fit of anger, quick flash of
anger" (13c.). The sense in Italian evolved to "unpredictable,
eccentric," then "strange, weird," in which sense it was taken
into French and then English. Older derivation from
Basque bizar "a beard" is no longer considered tenable.
✪jtaint (v) 1570s, "to corrupt,
contaminate," also "to touch, tinge, imbue slightly" (1590s),
from Middle English teynten "to convict, prove guilty"
(late 14c.), partly from Old French ataint, past participle
of ataindre "to touch upon, seize" (see attainder).
Also from Anglo-French teinter "to color, dye" (early
15c.), from Old French teint (12c.), past participle
of teindre "to dye, color," from
Latin tingere (see tincture).
Related: Tainted; tainting.
✪jprohibition (n) late 14c., "act of prohibiting, a
forbidding by authority," from Anglo-French and Old
French prohibition (early 13c.), from Latin prohibitionem (nominative prohibitio)
"a hindering, forbidding; legal prohibition," noun of action from
past participle stem of prohibere "hold back, restrain, hinder,
prevent," from pro "away, forth" (see pro-)
+ habere "to hold" (see habit (n.)). Meaning
"forced alcohol abstinence" is 1851, American English; in effect
nationwide in U.S. as law 1920-1933 under the Volstead Act.
✪jimprudent (adj) late 14c., from
Latin imprudentem (nominative imprudens) "not foreseeing,
unaware, inconsiderate, heedless," from assimilated form
of in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1))
+ prudens, contraction of providens, present participle
of providere "to provide," literally "to see before
(one)" (see provide). Related: Imprudently.
✪jtaboo (adj) also tabu, 1777 (in Cook's "A
Voyage to the Pacific Ocean"), "consecrated, inviolable, forbidden,
unclean or cursed," explained in some English sources as being from Tongan
(Polynesian language of the island of
Tonga) ta-bu "sacred," from ta "mark"
+ bu "especially." But this may be folk etymology, as
linguists in the Pacific have reconstructed an irreducable
Proto-Polynesian *tapu, from Proto-Oceanic *tabu "sacred,
forbidden" (compare Hawaiian kapu "taboo, prohibition,
sacred, holy, consecrated;" Tahitian tapu "restriction,
sacred, devoted; an oath;" Maori tapu "be under ritual
restriction, prohibited"). The noun and verb are English innovations first
recorded in Cook's book.
✪jimperative (n) mid-15c., in grammar; later
"something imperative" (c. 1600), from Old
French imperatif in the grammatical sense (13c.) and directly from
Late Latin imperativus (see imperative (adj.)). In
philosophy from 1796.
✪jcontemptuous (adj) 1590s, from
Latin contemptus (see contempt). Related: Contemptuously.
✪jabsurd (adj) "plainly illogical," 1550s, from
Middle French absurde (16c.), from Latin absurdus "out
of tune, discordant;" figuratively "incongruous, foolish, silly,
senseless," from ab- "off, away from," here perhaps an
intensive prefix, + surdus "dull, deaf, mute," which is
possibly from an imitative PIE root meaning "to buzz, whisper"
(see susurration). Thus the basic sense is perhaps "out of
tune," but de Vaan writes, "Since 'deaf' often has two semantic
sides, viz. 'who cannot hear' and 'who is not heard,' ab-surdus can
be explained as 'which is unheard of' ..." The modern English sense is the
Latin figurative one, perhaps "out of harmony with reason or
propriety." Related: Absurdly; absurdness.
✪jbigot (n) 1590s, "sanctimonious person,
religious hypocrite," from French bigot (12c.), which is of
unknown origin. Earliest French use of the word is as the name of a people
apparently in southern Gaul, which led to the now-doubtful, on phonetic
grounds, theory that the word comes from Visigothus. The typical use in
Old French seems to have been as a derogatory nickname for Normans, the old
theory (not universally accepted) being that it springs from their frequent use
of the Germanic oath bi God. But OED dismisses in a three-exclamation-mark
fury one fanciful version of the "by god" theory as "absurdly
incongruous with facts." At the end, not much is left standing except
Spanish bigote "mustache," which also has been proposed but
not explained, and the chief virtue of which as a source seems to be there is
no evidence for or against it.
✪jabhor (v) mid-15c., from
Latin abhorrere "shrink back from, have an aversion for, shudder
at," from ab "off, away from" (see ab-)
+ horrere "tremble at, shudder," literally "to
bristle, be shaggy," from PIE *ghers- "start out, stand
out, rise to a point, bristle" (see horror).
✪juniversal (adj) late 14c., "pertaining to the whole
of something specified; occurring everywhere," from Old
French universel "general, universal" (12c.), from
Latin universalis "of or belonging to all," from universus "all
together, whole, entire" (see universe). In mechanics,
a universal joint (1670s) is one which allows free movement in any
direction. Universal product code is recorded from 1974.
✪joriginate (v) 1650s, probably a back-formation
of origination. In earliest reference it meant "to trace the origin
of;" meaning "to bring into existence" is from 1650s;
intransitive sense of "to come into existence" is from 1775.
Related: Originated; originating.
✪jentreaty (n) mid-15c., "treatment;
negotiation;" see entreat + -y (1). Meaning
"urgent solicitation, earnest request" is from 1570s.
Related: Entreaties.
✪jinviolable (adj) mid-15c., "that is to be kept without
violation" (of an oath, etc.), from
Latin inviolabilis "inviolable, invulnerable,"
from in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1))
+ violabilis "that may be injured, easily wounded,"
from violare "to do violence to" (see violation).
Meaning "having a right or guaranty of immunity" (of a place of
sanctuary, etc.) is from 1570s. Meaning "incapable of being injured"
is from 1520s. Related: Inviolably.
✪jvulnerable (adj)
c.
1600, from Late Latin vulnerabilis "wounding," from
Latin vulnerare "to wound, hurt, injure, maim,"
from vulnus (genitive vulneris) "wound," perhaps
related to vellere "pluck, to tear" (see svelte), or
from PIE *wele-nes-, from *wele- (2) "to strike,
wound" (see Valhalla).
✪jtradition (n) late 14c., "statement, belief, or
practice handed down from generation to generation," especially
"belief or practice based on Mosaic law," from Old French tradicion "transmission,
presentation, handing over" (late 13c.) and directly from
Latin traditionem (nominative traditio) "delivery,
surrender, a handing down, a giving up," noun of action from past
participle stem of tradere "deliver, hand over,"
from trans- "over" (see trans-)
+ dare "to give" (see date (n.1)). The word is a
doublet of treason (q.v.). Meaning "a long-established
custom" is from 1590s. The notion is of customs, ways, beliefs, doctrines,
etc. "handed down" from one generation to the next.
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